Anglish Given Names

The following are English names which spring from Anglo-Saxon, or Old English; names that have not been greatly shaped, or otherwise lost thanks to the French overthrow of England. (Further reading on Wikipedia.) While there are many living names, many more names have been revived from their dead matches by their likenesses to words and names that outlived them. (Such as, Wilhelm/Willelm, from Old English Wilhelm, which was upset by the Norman name William/Guillaume.) In rare cases, such as Biblical names, a foreign name has been borrowed straight from its source to bypass the French influenced shapes of that name.

The Names
The Germanic names are split into: Fossilised: A name that, by way of a 'learned borrowing', often by a famous writer, has a fossilised Old English spelling while being used in New English. (Such as: Uhtred, from Bernard Cornwell's series of books and following show, The Last Kingdom; a name from the Old English  Ūtrǣd, which might otherwise have been spelled as Outred as found in the living lastname.) Hypothetical: A name that has cognates in other Germanic tongues but which is not attested in Old English. Living: A name that is attested within the period of New English, whether having been in continuous use (such as Edward), or having been revived in a New English shape, as many were, in the 18th and 19th centuries. (Such as Ethel.) Lastname: A name that is attested as a living name but which became one by way of being an English lastname that springs from Old English, not continuous use as a given name. (Such as Stanley.) Revived: A name that is attested as an Old English name but which does not have an attested shape in New English. Shaped anew by the writer of this by likeness to living, New English names and words. (Such as Wolfrich, from OE Wulfriċ, by likeness to the New English words wolf, rich, and attested names like Wolfroun and Aldrich.) See the Make Your Own Name deal on this leaf for the meanings of the naming words.

Make Your Own Name
The following is a hoard of words that are often found in English. (Further reading on Germanic Names on Wikipedia.) These long-standing English naming words can be blended together to make new names. While there are many spellings of words that have come down to us over the years, only the most widespread, well-known shapes are given. So, for the bind-word shape of “lea” we only have “-ley”, as in “Ashley” rather than “Ashlee”, “Ashleigh” and so on. Since many naming words died out altogether, some of them had to be shaped anew for today’s readers. These are marked with a star (*).

The old Germanic naming way was to blend an adjective (“rich”, “beloved”) with a noun (“hill”, “rose”, “fighter”). While some of our names keep this trend, many have come to us through lastnames. This is also why there are not only more (♂) names, but that many of the landmark words (“east”, “field”, “hill”, and so on) are linked with naming men. Stanley bears this out, as it comes from a lastname for someone who lived in a stony lea.

Another Old English naming way is rhyming. A rhyme these days might read like, “Alvin, Edwin and Elwin.” Though there are also fore-rhymes, like “Edgar and Edward”.

The naming words are marked as (♂),  (♀), or  (⚥) kinds of man, to show you how they've been borne before. However, it’s up to the reader to find the word that fits best for any given name. Ashley, like Stanley, was once a wepmanly name, as it was meant to show kinship, but it has since shifted to mostly a womanly name.

Some craftiness and understanding of how speech works is needed when making bindnames. English has two kinds of consonants, spoken and whispered. Put your finger to your throat, make an “f” and then a “v”. You’ll see that you make the same shape in your mouth. But as your finger will tell you, you only whisper the “f”, while you speak the “v”. Vowels are always spoken. So, when the fricative consonants (s/z, f/v, th/TH) fall between vowels, they’re often spoken too. It’s also needful to think of how the twained staves shift how a word reads, “sh”, “th”, “ch”. You should also think about the “unspoken e” that shifts the lengths of vowels (as in “bit” to “bite”). It’s best to speak a name aloud a few times to see how it flows, and then to think of how to put that in writing.

Binding “Alf-” and “-win” yields Alvin (not “Alfwin”). When “Alf-” is bound with “-win” it’s smoother to drop the “w”. The “f” is spoken since it blurs into the incoming “i” vowel, and the “f” is therefore written as a “v”. Binding “Os-” and “-helm” yields “Oselm” (not “Oshelm”). Binding “Bert-” and “-har” yields “Bertar” (not “Berthar”). Binding “Blis-” and “-har” yields “Blissar” (not “Blisar”). Binding “Ed-” and “-gith” yields “Edith” (not “Edgith”). Staves are therefore marked in brackets if they might need to be swapped or dropped.

OE Shape	Kind	Foreword	Afterword	Background acer	♂	Acker-	-aker	An acre, field, a tiller, tilled land. āc	♂	Oak-		An oak tree, or tall, or strong. ād	♂	*Ad-		A bonfire, a fire great enough to burn bones. æġel	⚥	Ail-		An atheling, highborn, or leaderly, or righteous. (A late offshoot of OE æþel.) ǣġen	⚥	Ain-		One’s own, beholden only to oneself. æl	⚥	*Al-		All, full, whole, or everyone. ælf	⚥	Al(f/v)-, El(f/v)-	-alf, -elf	An elf, someone smart, crafty, or handsome. æṡċ	⚥	Ash-		An ash tree, or the World Tree, or the first man. (Ash [Askr] in Germanic folklore was the first Man, along with the first woman, Elm [Embla].) æt	♂	At-		At, on, near to. æþel	⚥	Athel-, Ethel-		An atheling, highborn, or leaderly, or righteous. amal	⚥	Amal-		Bold, hardworking, or of the Amalings. ān	⚥	An-		One, or alone. and	♂	*An-		Back, against, wither, over, or without. angel-, engel-, ingel-	⚥	Engl-		English, Anglo-Saxon, or an angler, or an angle. (They all spring from a shared root meaning of “an angle”, as in “a hook”.) anġen	♂	*Onyen-		Ongoing, forward, or against, or to come again. bær	♂	Bar-		Bare, naked. bær	♂	Bar-		Barley. bār	♂	Bor-	-bur	A boar, a wild swine. beadu	⚥	*Bad-		To beat, fight. bēag	♂	Bag-		Bent, like a bight, bow, or ring. beald	⚥	Bald-	-bald	Bold, strong, lordly, or the Bold god. bēan	♂	Ban-		A bean, or bean-tiller. bearn	⚥		*-barn	A barn, a child. bec, bæċ	♂	Beck-		A beck, beach, brook, or stream. bēd	♂	*Bede-	*-bede	To ask, bid, beseech; or a worshipping bead. bēo	⚥	*Bee-		A bee, honey-maker; or busy. beofer	⚥	Bever-		A beaver; or busy, hardworking. beonet	♂	Bent-		Bent, a strong, stiff grass. beorg	♂	*Ber-	*-bery	A barrow, berg, hill, mound. beorht	⚥	Bert-	-bert	Bright, fair, beloved, shining. beorn, bera	⚥	Bern-	-bern	A bear; or a strong man or woman. (The words for “bear” and “man” blended together in names, since the OE word beorn [man] took the same shape as the Frankish word beorn [bear].) bēt	⚥	*Bet-	*-bet	Better, great, good, well. bill	⚥	*Bill-	*-bill	Bill-like, sharp, smart, an edge, a sword. birċe	♂	Berk-		A birch tree, or field of birch. blæc	⚥	Black-		Black, dark, swart; or deep; or dirty; or evil. blīc	⚥	*Blick-		Blick, shining, beloved. blīþ	⚥	*Blith-		Blithe, bliss, gladness, happiness. bod	♂	*Bod-	*-bode	To bode, tell, ask. bord	⚥		-bord	A board, shield. bōt	♂	*Bot-	*-boot	To boot, help, free; eke to. brād	♂	Brad-		Broad, wide, deep, open. brand	⚥	Brand-	-brand	A brand, fire, light, or sword. breġu	⚥	*Brey-		Strong, leaderly, shining, beloved. brōc	⚥	Brock-	 -brook	A brook, stream. brocc	♂	Brock-		A brock, or earth-dweller. brōm	♂	Brom-		Broom, sedge, underwood, a besom. brord	♂	Brod-		A brad, spike, spear, arrow, thin blade. brūn	⚥	Bron-	*-brown	Brown, dark, or a bear. bryċġ	⚥	Bridge-		A bridge. bryne	♂	Bren-		Burning, fiery, hot-blooded. bucca	♂	Buck-		A buck, a goat or hart. burg	⚥	Bur-	-bury	A borough, a strong, walled town. burne	♂	Burn-	-burn	A burn, stream, brook, spring. byrne	♂	Burn-		A burne/byrnie, shieldwear, shield; shelter. cæd	♂	*Cad-		A boat, or a seaman. cald	♂	Cald-		Cold, wintry. camb	♂		-comb	A comb, a hollow, or a narrow dale. cār	♂		-car	Careful, burdened, or worried. ċead	♂	Chad-		(Of unknown spring. Maybe an Old English borrowing of the Brythonic word 'kad', meaning fightlock.) ċealc	⚥	Chel-		Chalk; white. cealf	♂	Cal(f/v)-		A calf, a young cow. cēne	♂	Ken-		Keen, bold, fit. cent	♂	Kent-		The land of Kent. ċēol	⚥	*Chel-		Of a ship’s keel, a ship, or a sailor. (The ‘hard k’ found in keel was shaped by inflow from Old Norse.) ċeorl	⚥	*Cherl-	*-cherl	A churl, a freeman, a bower. (A churl in olden times was an everyday free-man, above a thew, but not of high standing.) (The name was seldom borne even in Old English times. Most likely all living names with Charl- / Charles are from the French borrowing.) ċild	⚥		-child	A child, youthful. ċirċe	♂	Church-	 -church	A church. (Kin with the Northern word 'Kirk', likely shaped by Norse inflow .) clǣġ	♂	Clay-		Clay, sticky earth. clif	♂	Cli(f/v)-	-cliff	A cliff, headland, or stone. clȳd	♂	Clyde-		Clean, or to cleanse. cniht	♂	Knight-		A knight, righteous wye, fighter, or a boy. cnof	♂	*Knu(f/v)-		A knuff, churl, free-man, or boyish. col	♂	Col-	-coal	Coal, dark, black, swarthy. cote	♂	Cot-		A cote, house, dwelling. cran	♂	Cran-		A crane, wading bird. crāwe	⚥	Craw-		A crow; black; forboding. croft	♂	Croft-	-croft	A croft, field, lea. crumb	⚥	Crom-		Bent, hooked. cume	⚥		 -combe	To come, happen, arise. cūþ	⚥	Cuth-		Couth, well-known, or beloved. (Couth has an older meaning of “well-known”.) cweld	♂	*Queld- ( Cweld- )		To quell, stop, kill, or death, ending, evening. (As 'Qu-' is from French inflow, this could be spelled as Cweld- for a more inborn spelling.) cwēn	♀	Quen- ( Cwen- )		Queenly, leaderly, or womanly, wifely. (A queen in olden times meant not only a king’s wife, but the same as “lady” or “woman” does today.) (As 'Qu-' is from French inflow, this could be spelled as Cwen- for a more inborn spelling.) cwic	♂	Quick- ( Cwick- )		Quick, lively, or speedy. (As 'Qu-' is from French inflow, this could be spelled as Cwick- for a more inborn spelling.) cyne	♂	Kin-		Of the kin, theed, folk, or kingly, leaderly. (The words kin, and kind, are from the same rootword cynn which meant “folk” or “strain”. King comes from cynning [leader of the kin] and was shortened to cyne in names. These therefore often get lumped together.) cynning	♂	King-		See: cyne. cytel	♂	*Kell-	*-kell	A holy kettle, or a helm, headwear. dæd	♂	*Ded-		A deed, or a doer. dæġ	⚥	Day-	-day	The day, bright, shining. dæl	♂	Dale-	-dale	A dale, dell, a hollow, land between hills. deal	♂	Dal-		Proud, a blowhard. dell	⚥	Dell-	-dell	A dell, small dale, hollow, land between hills. dene	♂	Dan-	-dan	Danish. denu	⚥		-den	A dene, dale, hollow, or a being’s den. (-den is often blended with -don, meaning a “down” or “hill”, as in names like Snowdon/Snowden.) dēor	⚥	Der-	-der	A roe deer, any wild being, or bold. (Deer in olden times meant any wild being.) dēore	⚥	Dar-		Dear, beloved. dod	♂	*Dod-		Naked, or without. dōm	⚥	*Dom-	 -dom	Doom, outcome, or something foretold. drēam	⚥	*Dream-		To dream, or happiness, or song. drȳġe	♂	Dry-		Dry. dryht	♂	*Drit-		A dright, a band of fighters, a folk, or a leader. dūn	♂	Dun-	-don	A down, dune, a hill. (The -don shape is often blended with -den, meaning a “dene" or “hollow”, as in names like Snowdon/Snowden.) dunn	♂	Dun-		Dun, dark, brown, or black. dūru	♂	Dur-		A door, an opening. ēad	⚥	Ed-		Wealth, riches, a gift, or happiness. eald	⚥	Al(d)-, El(d)-		Old, elderly, wise, learned. ealh	⚥	Al(c)-		A holyhall, shelter. ēan	⚥	*Ean-		To yean, eke, breed, yield, or bloom. earn	♂	Ern-		An erne, bird, seabird, or flight. ēast	♂	East-		East, the rising sun. ēast	⚥	East-		East, shining, the rising sun. ēaster	⚥	Easter-		The god of yeaning, the rising sun in the East. eċġ	⚥	Eg-		An edge, sword, or smart, sharp. eofer	⚥	Ever-		A boar. eoh	⚥	*E-		A horse, or horse-rider. eorcon	⚥	*Erken-		Shining, or dear, or great, or the god Tiw. eormen	⚥	*Ermen-		Great, strong, or endless, or the god Woden. (Armin, as found in the name Irminsul, “the World Tree”, was also likely a nickname for the god Woden. The Norse name for the World Tree, Yggdrasil, comes from Ygg’s- “Woden’s” -drasil “horse/hanging-tree”.) eorp	♂	Erp-		Swarthy, or brown. eorþe	♂	Ard-		Earth, land, homeland. fæġer	⚥	Fair-		Fair, handsome, light. fær	⚥	Far-	-(f/v)are	To fare, wander. fæst	⚥	*Fast-		Fast, set, strong, true. fearn	♂	Fern-		A fern. feld	♂	Field-	-(f/v)ield	A field, croft, lea. fenn	♂	Fen-		A fen, a marshland. ferhþ	♂	*Ferth-	*-(f/v)erth	Mind, soul, heart. flǣd	♀	Fled-	-(f/v)led	Fair, pretty, beloved. flēot	⚥	Fleet-		Floating; or a fleet of ships; a harbour; a sailor. folc	⚥	*Folk-	-(f/v)olk	The folk, theed, one’s kinsmen. ford	♂	Ford- 	-(f/v)ord	A ford, water-faring. frēa	♂	*Fre-	*-frey	A lord, or the god of yeaning Frey Ingwin. frenc	♂	Frank-		A Frank, or freedom, or a freeman. frēo	♂	Free-		Free, frithful, or beholden to no one. friþ	⚥	Frith-	 -(f/v)rith	Free, frithful, sheltered. frōd	♂	*Frod-		Frood, old, wise, learned. fugol	♂	Ful-		A fowl, or any bird. full	♂	Ful-		Full, whole. fūs	⚥		*-(f/v)ouse	Fouse, keen, bold, ready. gād	♂	Gad-		A gad, a gore, a spear, or a sharp stick. gang	♂	Gang-	-gang	To go, to fare. (As in a gangway.) gār	⚥	Gar-	-gar	A gore, spear, or three-sided thing. ġēan	⚥	*Yen-		To go; or go back again. (The 'hard g' in again was likely shaped by Norse inflow.) ġeard	⚥	Yard-	-(y)ard	A yard, field, or the stakes that bind them. (Yard shares same root as garđr “garth” in ON Miđgarđr “Middle-Yard” or “Middle-Earth”.) ġeat	⚥	*Yat-		A gate, an opening. (The ‘hard g’ found at the start of the living English word for gate was shaped by inflow from Old Norse.) ġeld	♀	*Yild-	*-(y)eld	Golden, gilded, worthy, or yielding. (The ‘hard g’ found at the start of the living English word for gold/gild was shaped by inflow from Old Norse.) ġeong	⚥	*Young-		Young, new, youthful. ġifu	♀		*-(y)ive	A gift. (The ‘hard g’ found at the start of the living word was shaped by inflow from Old Norse.) ġīls	⚥	*Yils-	*-(y)ils	See: ġīsel. ġīsel	⚥	*Yisl-	*-(y)isl	A guest, or someone held in oath. (A ġīsel in Anglo-Saxon times was often a child of a king or lord held in trust against another.) glæd	⚥	Glad-		Glad, happy, shining, blessed. god	⚥	God-		A god, or the God (Yahweh). gōd	⚥	Good-	-good	Good, worthy, a gift. græs	⚥	Gres-		Grass, or an open field. grim	♂	Grim-	-grim	A mask, a grime. grund	♂	Gra-		Ground, crushed, grit. gūþ	⚥	*Guth-	 *-(g)uth	A fight, a fighter, or fightlock. (As in Guthlock.) gȳþ	♀		 -(g)ith	A fight, a fighter, or fightlock. (As in Edith.) hād	⚥		*-(h)ood	A kind, a way of being (-hood). hǣlþ	⚥	*Hal-		Healthy, whole. hǣst	♂	*Hest-		Anger, storm, madness. hǣþ	♂	Hath-	-(h)eath	A heather shrub, a heath, or wild lands. hǣþen	♂	Heathen-		A heathen, believer in the old gods, or wild. hām	♂	Ham-	-(h)am	A home, dwelling, homestead, or town. hamel	♂	Hamil-		Broken, rough. hand	♂	Hand-	*-(h)and	Hand, strength, shelter, leadership. hār	♂	Hor-		Hoary, grey, old, wise, beloved. hara	♂	Hare-		A hare, coney, bunny. heaþu	♀	*Had-		A fight, a fighter, or fightlock. hēafod	♂	Head	-(h)ead	Head, hair, mind, soul. hēah	♂	Hey-		High, above, leaderly, beloved. heald	♂	Hold-	-(h)old	To hold, or friendly, or watchful. healf	♂	Half-		Half, split. heall	♂	Hall-	-(h)all	A hall, building, dwelling. heard	♂	Hard-		Hard, strong, stern, leaderly. heġ	⚥	Hay-		Hay, grass, fodder. helm	⚥	Helm-	-(h)elm	Helm, shelter, shielding, shieldwear. help	⚥	*Help-		Help, uplifting. heorot	♂	Hart-		A hart, stag, roe deer. heoru	♂	*Her-		A sword, an edge, or sharpness. here	⚥	Har-	*-(h)er	A here, body of fighters. hierde	⚥		 -(h)erd	A herder, a shepherd. hild	⚥	Hild-	-(h)ild	A fight, hild, a fighter, or fightlock. hlǣw	♂	Low-	-low	A low, a hill. hlūd	♂	*Lud-		Loud, well-heard, or well-known. hlūd	♂	*Lud-		Loud, well-heard, or well-known. hol	⚥	Hol-		A hole, a hollow; deep. horh	⚥	Hor-		Hore, earth, mud; filth, unclean. hramsan	⚥	Ram-		Ramsons, wild garlic. hræfn	♂	Ren-	*-ren	A raven, watchful, foreboding. hrēod	♂	Rid-		Reed, rush, watery grass. hrōþ	♂	Roth-	-roth	Great, well-known, beloved. hryċġ	♂	Ridge-	-ridge	A ridge, row of hills, or a spine. hūn	⚥	*Hun-	*-(h)oun	A young bear, or a child. hunt	⚥	Hunt-		A hunter, or hound, wolf. hwæt	♂	What-		Quick, lively, bold. hwǣte	♂	Wheat-		Wheat, grain. hwīt	⚥	Whit-		White, shining, bright, fair, beloved. hyge	♂	Hy- 		High, thought, understanding, mindful. (As in Ođinn’s raven Huginn.) hyll	♂	Hill-	-(h)ill	A hill, a down, mound or barrow. hyse, hysi	♂	His-	-(h)is	A young man, a fighter. hȳþ	⚥	*Hy	-eth	A hithe, haven, wharf. iċ	⚥		-ich	I, the self, awareness. īeġ	⚥	Ey-	 -ey	An island. (The “s” spelling in “island” was put in by writers who mistakenly likened the word to the Latin word “isle”.) ing	♂		-ing	Belonging to, or a child of. Ing(wine)	♂	Ing-		The god Frey (Lord) Ingwin. Yeanful, bearing. īren	♂	Iron-	-iron	Iron, hard, strong, steadfast. lāc	♂	Lock-	-lock	A godly gift, or beloved, or playful, or a deed or way of being (as in wedlock). lāf	♂	La(f/v)-	-lof	Who is left, a afterbear, follower, an erve. land	♂	Land-	-land	Land, earth, a folkdom. lang	♂	Lang-		Long, tall. lēac	⚥	Lay-		A leek, spring. lēah	⚥	Le-	-ley	A lea, field. lēod	♂	*Led-		The lede, folk, theed, or a kinsman. lēof	⚥	Le-	 -leaf	Lief, beloved, dear, a leman. lid	♂	*Lid-	-lid	To lithe, a wayfarer/seafarer, or a ship or wain. locc	⚥		-lock	A lock of hair. lufu	♀		*-love	Beloved, fair, lovely. mǣd	⚥	Med-		A meadow. mæġen	♂	Main-		Main, mighty, great. mǣr	♂	Mer-	-mer	Mere, great, well-known, couth. mæþel	♂	*Mathel-		Meetly, talkative, friendly, bringing together. mann	♂	Man	-man	A man, a fighter, strong. marṡċ	♂	Mars-		A marsh. mearc	♂	Mark-		A mark, or a march, a spot or edge. mere	⚥	Mar-	-more	A mere, sea, stream or any body of water. miht	⚥	*Mit-		Mighty, great, strong, beloved. mild	♀	Mild-		Mild, soft, mellow. mōd	♂	*Mod-	-mood	Mood, soul, mind, heart. mōna	⚥	Mon- 		The Moon. mōr	♂	Mor-		A moor, fen, marsh, swamp. mūnd	♂	Mound-	-mund	A mound, march, shelter, hand, strength. mȳþe	♂	My-		The mouth of a stream. nēah	⚥		-ney	Nigh, near, or an island. nēowe	♂	New-		New, young. nīþ	♂	Nith-	*-nithe	Nithe, hatred. norþ	♂	North-		North. nōþ	⚥	*Noth-	*-noth	Bold, daring, ready. ōht	♂	*Ot-		Fear, foe, doom, weird. ord	♂	Ord-		An ord, a spear-tip. ōs	⚥	Os-		One of the gods (Ese), the god Woden, or speech. (Ese is the English kin to the Norse word Æsir. The word Os is also linked with speech and Woden, the god of words and wisdom.) pīl	♂	Pil-		A pile, spike, spear, arrow. pinn	♂	Pen-		A pin, something stuck out, such as a cliff or ridge. pleġ	♂	Play-		Playing, quick, lively. port	⚥		 -port	A port, a haven. rǣd	⚥	Red-	-red	Rede, reading, telling, understanding, wisdom. rāhā	♂	Ray-		A roe deer. ramm	♂	Ram-		A ram, a sheep. rand	♂	Rand-		A rand, an edge, a shield-rim. rāw	♂		-row	A row, string. rēad	⚥	Red-	-red	Red, ruddy; fiery. reġn	♂	Rain-		To set right, to lead, to give rede or reading. rīċ	♂	Rich-	-rich	Rich, wealthy, leaderly. rōse	♀	Rose-		A rose blossom. rud	♂	Rud-		A rudd fish; ruddy, red. rūh	♂	Row-		Rough, furrowed. rūn	♀	*Roun-	-roun	Rouns, the unknown, riddle, understanding. (The rouns, or runes, were seemingly otherwordly markings that came to the English before the Latin staffrow. Roun means “something hidden”.) ryġe 	⚥	Ry-		Rye grain. ryṡċ	♂	Rush-		Rush, marsh-grass. sǣ	⚥	Sea-	-sea	The sea, or any body of water. sǣte	⚥		 -set	A settle, a seat (house, home, dwelling, land). (See also: setl.) sām	⚥	Sam-		Half, split. sand	♂	Sand-	-sand	Sand, grit. ṡċeaft	♂	Shaft-		A shaft, spear; something made. ṡċeaga	♂		-shaw	Shaw, thicket. ṡċealc	♂	Shalk-	-shalk	A shalk, man, fellow, helper, sailor, fighter. (A shalk in olden times could be a bondman or a man of low standing who might work or go to fight.) ṡċēap	♂	Shep-		Sheep, lamb, shy, weak. ṡċio	⚥		-shoe	A shoe, clothing, sheath. ṡċīr	⚥	Sher-		Sheer, shining, bright, fair, white, beloved. ṡċylf	⚥	Shel-		A shelf, slope, floor. seax	⚥	Sax-	-sex	A sax knife, sword, or a Saxon. sealh	⚥	Sel-		A sallow (willow tree); yellow; sickly. sele	⚥	Sel-		A great hall or house. seolh	⚥	Sel-		A seal. setl	♂		-set	A settle, a seat (house, home, dwelling, land). (See also: sǣte.) sīde	⚥	Sid-		Side, edge, long, wide. siġe	⚥	Si-	-sey	Sey, winning, shining. sīþ	♂	*Sith-	*-sithe	Wayfaring, outing, wandering. smēþe	⚥	Smed-		Smooth, calm, mindful. smiþ	♂	Smith-	-smith	A smith, craftsman. snāw	⚥	Snow-		Snow, white, fair, or cold, wintry. stæf	♂	Sta(f/v)-		A staff (a stick, rod, pole; a straight line, bookstaff). stān	♂	Stan-	-stan	A stone, hard, strong, steadfast. stede	♂	Stead-	-stead	A stead, land, dwelling, town, or steadfast. stī	♂	Ste-		A sty, house, hall. (As in a pig sty, or a steward.) stīrc	♂	Strick-		A stirk, steer, bull. stocc	♂	Stock-	-stock	A stock, tree stump, or stead. stōw	⚥		 -stow	A spot to stow something, a stead. strǣt	♂	Strat-		A street, road, way. sumer	⚥	Summer-		Summer, warm, sunny. sunne	♀	Sun-		The sun; bright, shining. sunu	♂		 -son	A son of. sūþ	♂	South-		South. swan	♂	Swan-		A swan. swefn	♂	Swe(f/v)-		Asweve, asleep, dead. swīn	♂	Swin-		A swine, pig, boar. swīþ	⚥	*Swith-	*-swith	Swithe, true, strong, healthy. þanc	♂	Thank-	-thank	To think, thoughtful, thankful, mindful, smart. þeġn	♂	Thane-	-thane	A thane, leader, fighter, man. (A thane in Anglo-Saxon times was a free man of high standing. He was often a leader of fighting men.) þēod	⚥	*Thed-		The theed, folk, lede, kinsmen, land. þēow	♂	Thew-		A thew, worker, helper, thrall, bondman. (A thew in Anglo-Saxon times was a lowly working bondman, owned by another man.) þing	♂	Thing-		A thing, being, self, or deed, or meeting. þorn	♂	Thorn-		A thorn, spiked bush, or rough. þorp	♂	Thorp-	-thorp	A thorp, town, or throng, one who brings together. þrīst	♂		*-thrist	Bold, daring. þrȳþ	⚥	*Thrith-	 -thrith	Thrith, strength, the god and daughter of the Thunder god. (Thrith in Germanic folklore is a god born from the god of Thunder [Thor] and his wife, Sib [Sif].) þuner	♂	Thur-		Thunder, the god of Thunder (Thor) and the working man. þur	♂	Thur-		See: þuner. (A late borrowing into Old English from Old Norse.) tīd	⚥	*Tid-		Tide, time, happening. til	♂	Til-		Tilled, good, fit. Tīr-	♂	Tir-		See: Tīw. (A late borrowing into Old English from Old Norse.) Tīw	♂	Tue-, Tew- 		Shining, beloved, great, the one-handed god Tue. (Tue comes from a word meaning “shining one”, from the same rootword as deity, Deus and Zeus.) torht	⚥	*Tort-		Bright, shining, beloved, watchful. trēow	♂	Trow-		A tree, tall, strong. trīewe	♂	True-	-true	True, trustworthy, troth. trym	♂	Trim-		Trim, fit, strong, sound. tūn	♂	Town-	-ton	A town, dwelling or yard. twīġe	♂	Twy		Twice, two, a twin. ūht	♂	*Ut-	*-out	Dawn, dusk, twilight, daybreak. upp	♂	Up-		Up, above. wacu	⚥	Wake-		Awake, watchful, lively. wad	♂	Wad-		To wade, wayfare, or water, or the god Wade. wād	⚥	Od-		Woad, blue. weġ	♂	Way-	-(w)ay	A way, road, or to wayfare, wander. wæl	⚥	*Wal-		Death, slaughter. (Wal is found in words such as Woden’s Walhall “hall of the slain” and Walkyries “choosers of the slain”. wæter	⚥	Water-	-water	Water, sea, steam, flow. wald	♂	Wald-	-(w)ald	A wold, woodland. wand	⚥	*Wand-		To wander, wayfare, or wend, turn. waru	♀	War-	*-(w)are	Aware, watchful, wise. wealcan	♂	Walk-		To walk, tread, step, fare. weald	♂	Wald-	-(w)ald	Wielding, strength, leadership, lordly. wealh	⚥	Wel-	*-wel	Welsh, an outsider, or bondman. (Welsh was a word once borne for any non-Germanic outsider, not only the Welsh folkdom of today. It was often borne in a manner of ill-will.) weard	♂	Ward-	-(w)ard	A ward, watchman, keeper, leader, lord, or strong. wel	⚥	Wel-		Well, good, fit, strong. weliġ	♂	Wil-		A willow tree, tall, strong. wēoh	♂	*Wee-		Blessed, hallowed, the soul. (One of the three shapes that make up the All-father: Wode (see Wod-), Will (see Wil-) and Wee. As in Ođinn, Vili & Vē.) wer	♂	War-		A weir, dam. west	♂	West-		West, the setting sun. wiċ	♂	Wick-	-(w)ich, -(w)ick	A wick, town, dwelling, homestead, or haven, bay. wīd	♂	Wid-	-(w)ide	Wide, far. wīf	♀		*-(w)ife	Wife, woman, lady. (A wife in olden times meant the same as“woman” or “lady” does today. “Woman” is a shortening of “wife-man”, where “man” means our kind as a whole, and our other half is a “weapon-man” or “were-man”.) wīġ	⚥	Wy-	 -wy	A fight, a fighter, or fightlock, wye. wiht	⚥	*Wit-	-wight	A wight, an elf, ghost, a man, or any living being. wilde	♂	Wild-	-(w)ild	Wild, free, carefree, unbroken. will	⚥	Wil-		Will, want, wish, yearning. (One of the three shapes that make up the All-father: Wode (see Wod-), Will and Wee (see Wee-). As in Ođinn, Vili & Vē.) wille	♂	Wel-		A well, spring, stream. wine	⚥	Win-	-win	Winner, friendly, or work, or want, or gladness. (Blended with womanly OE wynn. Win springs from an old word which split into sundry meanings, the main being “to wish”.) See also: wynn. winter	♂	Went-		Winter, cold, dark. winter	♂	Went-		Winter, cold, dark. wīs	⚥		*-(w)ise	Wise, smart, or a way of being. wōd	⚥	*Wod-		Wode, madness, insight, song, the god Woden. (Wode, meaning “madness” or “insight”, springs from the same root as the name of the god Woden/Ođinn. One of the three shapes that make up the All-father: Wode, Will (see Wil-) and Wee (see Wee-). As in Ođinn, Vili & Vē.) worþ	♂		-(w)orth	A yard, tilled land, homestead. wudu	♂	Wood-	-(w)ood	Woods, woodland. wulf	⚥	Wol(f/v)-	-wolf	A wolf, hound, or hunter. wynn	⚥	Win-	-win	Winner, friendly, or work, or want, or gladness. (Blended with wepmanly OE wine. Win springs from an old word which split into sundry meanings, the main being “to wish”.) See also: wine.

Groundwork
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