Spelling Timeline

This is my, Hurlebatte's, attempt at following the evolution of English spelling. Do not take it as authoritative or fully accurate.

The Writ
600-1066

The English alphabet consists of the following letters: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Xx Yy Þþ Ðð Ƿƿ Ææ.


 * Digraphs include: ⟨cg⟩ for /dʒ/; ⟨sc⟩ for /ʃ/ (which emerged from /sk/); ⟨ea⟩ for /æɑ/; ⟨uu⟩ for /w/; ⟨th⟩ for /ð/ and /θ/; ⟨hƿ⟩ for /ʍ/.
 * Sometimes ⟨gc⟩ or ⟨gg⟩ is written instead of ⟨cg⟩
 * Sometimes ⟨u⟩, ⟨uu⟩, or ⟨w⟩ is written instead of ⟨ƿ⟩.
 * ⟨k⟩ sometimes shows up to fight ambiguity between /tʃ/ and /k/.
 * ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ are used interchangeably.
 * ⟨z⟩ and ⟨q⟩ are very rare. ⟨z⟩ can sometimes be found in foreign names like Zenodotus {MS. Ashmole 328}.
 * ⟨ƿh⟩ is very rare. ⟨hƿ⟩ is dominant.
 * ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are occasionally inserted after ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ when writers want to make it clear their values are /tʃ/ and /j/ and not /k/ and /g/. For example, giul can be found as a spelling for /jul/ (Yule).

1066-1199

The Norman Invasion occurs, French begins to influence English orthography.


 * In the Peterborough Chronicle a switch in handwriting from Insular to Carolingian happens on 88v.


 * ⟨gg⟩ becomes more popular than ⟨cg⟩.


 * The Ormulum uses: ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/, ⟨sk⟩ for /sk/; ⟨sh⟩ for /ʃ/; ⟨ƿh⟩ for /ʍ/; Carolingian ⟨g⟩ for /g/; ⟨ȝh⟩ for [ɣ]; ⟨ȝȝ⟩ for /dʒ/.


 * The Carolingian style of writing ⟨g⟩ is borrowed from France. The old Insular ⟨g⟩ becomes the new letter ⟨ȝ⟩, called yough. ⟨ȝ⟩ no longer stands for /g/, as this job now belongs to the Carolingian ⟨g⟩.


 * By now /y/ has merged into /i/. This leads to ⟨y⟩ being used interchangeably with ⟨i⟩. This may be the basis for ⟨y⟩ later taking on /j/. It seems that in a few cases surviving instances of /y/ get respelled as ⟨u⟩ in the French manner, resulting in variant spellings like burthen and brugge as opposed to birthen and brigge.


 * ⟨u⟩ takes on /v/ shortly after 1066 {BL Cotton Tiberius A.xiii, 116v}.


 * ⟨hr⟩ struggles to survive this period, usually becoming ⟨r⟩.


 * ⟨hl⟩ often becomes ⟨l⟩.

1200s

By this century the Normans have been replaced on the throne by the Angevins. French influence continues, but it is no longer mainly Norman French.


 * /ʃ/ is spelled ⟨sc⟩, ⟨sch⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨ss⟩, ⟨s⟩.


 * ⟨ou⟩ is borrowed from French and becomes a very popular spelling for /uː/, which beforehand was written ⟨u⟩, ⟨ue⟩, and ⟨uCe⟩.


 * ⟨ue⟩ and ⟨uCe⟩ are repurposed to stand for French /y/. This French /y/ seems to have been substituted by Englishmen for something along the lines of [ɛu], a native English diphthong. This French /y/ and the native [ɛu] would both eventually be pronounced as /ju/. Because the borrowed French /y/ was realised as something like [ɛu], native English words with [ɛu] would sometimes be respelled with ⟨ue⟩ or ⟨uCe⟩, which is why clue is not spelled clew today.


 * ⟨ð⟩ falls out of wide use by the end of the century.


 * The distinction between [x] and [ɣ] either collapses or people stop caring. [x] had usually been written ⟨h⟩ (more rarely ⟨ch⟩), and [ɣ] had usually been written ⟨ȝ⟩, but ⟨ȝ⟩ ends up being the normal way of writing both. Eventually ⟨ȝh⟩ becomes popular, perhaps from French influence of some kind.


 * ⟨æ⟩ seems to drop out of use by the end of this century. Its short value merged with ⟨a⟩, while its long value began to be written ⟨ea⟩.


 * ⟨y⟩ for /j/ in at least one manuscript {*St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)}.


 * ⟨hl⟩ fully dies off?

1300s


 * ⟨uCe⟩ can still be found standing for /uː/, though ⟨ou⟩ is more popular.


 * ⟨ck⟩ rises as a popular spelling.


 * ⟨gh⟩ appears, apparently modelled on ⟨ȝh⟩, and taking the job of /x/.


 * ⟨y⟩ begins to be a popular alternative to ⟨ȝ⟩ for making /j/.


 * By the end of this century ⟨ȝ⟩ has lost much ground to ⟨y⟩ and ⟨gh⟩.


 * Loanwords from French with initial /dʒ/ can be found written with ⟨i⟩, ⟨ih⟩, and ⟨g⟩. Eventually ⟨j⟩ would be used for /dʒ/ instead of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨ih⟩.


 * ⟨dg⟩ shows up in at least one manuscript {Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.123}


 * ⟨ð⟩ is rare and seems to die in this century.


 * ⟨wl⟩ dies off and becomes ⟨l⟩.

1400s


 * ⟨th⟩ picks up in popularity, perhaps because ⟨þ⟩ had taken on a shape very similar to ⟨y⟩, and since ⟨y⟩ had recently solidified its role as a consonant, this may have caused ambiguity. The introduction of printing presses by William Caxton to England around the 1470s strikes a further blow to ⟨þ⟩, and also ⟨ȝ⟩, since neither of those letters had printing blocks for them.


 * ⟨x⟩ is used by some writers for /ʃ/.


 * ⟨h⟩ can still be found standing for /x/, though rarely.


 * ⟨dg⟩ becomes more popular, though ⟨gg⟩ still seems dominant.


 * ⟨ȝh⟩ is used in a few manuscripts for /j/, but the common use of ⟨ȝh⟩ is for /x/.

1500s


 * By the end of this century, spellings like bed have mostly replaced spellings like bedde.


 * ⟨dg⟩ becomes more common than ⟨gg⟩?

ATTESTATIONS
Early use of ⟨u⟩ for /v/:
 * London, British Library, Cotton Charters viii. 16
 * London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius A. XIII, ff. 1-118, f. 116v (s. xi) (?)
 * London, British Library, Add. Ch. 19796 (?)
 * a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1128 : God ælmihtig haue his milce ofer þæt wrecce stede.
 * a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1128 : . . . Dauid. ..

Use of ⟨ue⟩ and ⟨uCe⟩ before ⟨ou⟩ was borrowed:
 * c1175(?OE) HRood (Bod 343)4/16 : Sonæ swa he ðes wateres swetnysse ifelde, þa wearð he swiðe bliðe on his mode & mid lude stefne to ðare ferde clypian ongan.
 * a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)89 : Ðo þe after him comen remden lude stefne, þus queðinde.
 * c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)314 : Þat nis noȝt soþ ich singe efne Mid fulle dreme & lude stefne.
 * a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)43/21 : Ðe gastliche hierdes..sculen..stieren ðo ðe bieð in ðare woreld, and ec..ðe bieð ute.
 * a1275(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Trin-C B.14.39)122/487 : He þat is ute bi-loken, he is inne sone forȝeten.

Use of "E-I insertion":
 * c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)88/20 : Ic underȝite þæt ic wulle underȝyten & þencean, & ic wulle þæt ic underȝite & munen. (?)
 * Cd. Th. 26, 18; Gen. 408. : Onginnaþ ymb ða fyrde þencean (?)
 * Franks Casket : ᚷᛁᚢᚦᛖᚪᛋᚢ (?)

Long ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ea⟩ merging to ⟨æ⟩ rather than ⟨ea⟩?:
 * c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5692 : Ofte heo letten grundhat læd [Otho: leod] gliden heom an heore hæfd.
 * c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)7975 : Þe drake ræde for-wundede hine to dæðe.
 * c1175 Body & S.(1) (Bod 343)23 : Sone bið þin hæfet faxes bireued.
 * c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)11799 : Þurrh þatt te laþe gast himm bæd All weorelldrichess ahhte.

Use of ⟨gg⟩ in Old English:
 * Beornas cómon wiggum gengan, on mearum módige, - Andr. Kmbl. 2192; An. 1097.
 * Ǽt ðǽre lange hegge ænde, - 385, 7.
 * Bebbanburh wæs ǽrost mid hegge betýned, and þár æfter mid wealle, - Chr. 547 ; P. 16, 20.
 * ceagga - S 971
 * gehægge - S 546

⟨uCe⟩ for /u:/ in 14th century.
 * Boþe fire and wind lude sal crie: 'Louerd, nov let vs go to.' - ?c1335 Þe grace of godde (Hrl 913)125
 * Ðis wirm bitokneð þe man ðat oðer biswikeð, on stede er on stalle, stille er lude. - a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)377
 * Ac suffre al godes wille, Boþe lude and eke stille. - c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)584

Quotes relevant to the question of WH's origin (in particular, if it came from CH)


 * . . . swa þæt loc whenne þæt flot byþ ealra hehst. . . - Manuscript A: The Parker Chronicle
 * . . . hæfde hi þa while þe him geliste . . . - Manuscript C: Cotton Tiberius C.i
 * Ic wille & tyðe þet whilc man swa haued behaten to faren to Rome, and he ne muge hit forðian, ouðer for untrumnisse, ouðer for lauerdes neode, ouðer for haueleste, ouðer for hwilces cinnes oðer neod, he ne muge þær cumon. - a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.675 (2nd occurrence)
 * Ure Laford God ælmihtig þa eall digelnesse seð and wat. - a1126 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1124 (note HL is L here)
 * To-genes hwuch fo man agh furðien seið þe holi apostle. - a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)189
 * Ich habbe al forloren min ʒeswink on ʒeu ðe nemeð ʒeme of daʒas, hwilch an dai bie betere ðan an oðer to anginnen sumþing. - a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)27/22

Late ⟨h⟩ standing for /x/
 * a1400  Pistill of Susan 267       I am deolfolich dampned, and to deþ diht.
 * c1400  Test. Love iii. (R.)   The euen drauht of the wyer drawer, maketh the wyer to ben euen.
 * c1410 J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 8   His lettres in-to Rome þan he sent For to destroyen al þat heresye..Theodoricus took þis wonder hyhe For he hym-self was only on of þo.
 * c1410 H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail liii. 96  Ȝif owre Rem with Owten kyng be Ony while, It Myhte sone thanne fallen into Exylle.
 * 1411  Rolls of Parl. III. 650/1   The sayd Robert wold nouht graunte that he had submytted hym in that mater.
 * 1413 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton)    (1859)      i. xix. 19   Long tyme he had hyd hym self neyhe me.
 * a1425  Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 47  Ȝe may ga þe right gate to god alle-mihti.
 * 1427–9  Rolls of Parl. IV. 364/2   A redy Bekyn, wheryn shall be light gevyng by nyht, to alle the Vesselx that [etc.].
 * c1430  Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869)  iii. xxxvii. 155   She..a yens me strauhte hire handes.
 * 1435  in C. L. Kingsford Chron. London 73   That no man..shulde putte fforth ne profre no golde..but yff yt helde the weyht.
 * c1440  Promptorium Parvulorum 491/2   Thyht, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn.., integer. Thyht, not hool wythe-in, solidus.
 * 1442  Ayr Burgh Court Bks. Nov.   That na wyf met mele bot thai that aht it.
 * 1447  O. Bokenham Lives of Saints     (Arun.) (1938)      10563 (MED)   Hyr tym neyhyd ny..whan she shuld deye.
 * a1450  Seven Sages (Cambr. Dd.1.17) (1845) l. 1995 (MED)  The clerkys..louhe to scorne the emperour.
 * c1450  tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 56 (MED)   The virgine marie..bar hire fader, that is..the charbuncle glisteringe that elumineth the niht of the world.
 * 1524  in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1875) XII. 41/1 Þe gold sall have comone coursse..þe Hary noble of Weiht for xlb..þe scottis demy of wecht xviijb.
 * 1531  W. Babe in F. W. Weaver Wells Wills (1890)     114   To my to dahtorrs a kow.
 * a1539  in J. C. Atkinson Cartularium Abbathiae de Rievalle (1889) 340  The Bruehouse vi kelynge throuhs of lede, ii coper vesselles.
 * 1573  G. Harvey Let.-bk. (1884) 3  Miht had alreddi overcumd riht.
 * 1614  J. Saris Jrnl. in Voy. Japan (1900) 204   Muske, worth the wayht in Siluer.

Written distinction between [ɣ] and [x]: a1300 Hit bilimpeð (Corp-O 59)7 : Þu ʒifst þe sunne to the daiʒ, þe mone to þe nichte.
 * c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)152 : Of briʒter howe [Jes-O: brihtur hewe], of uairur blo.
 * c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1681 : Þe þe hableþ steuene briʒte.
 * a1225(?OE) Vsp.A.Hom.(Vsp A.22)233 : Ʒiure drihte..sweueð hus mid þiestre nicht.
 * c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25098 : Mi drihten..scop dæiʒes and nihtten [Otho: þis daies lihte].
 * a1275 On hire is al (Trin-C B.14.39)35 : Þu brutis us day, and eue nith [vrr. niʒt, nyhyt].
 * a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)17/30 : Þe uttreste is se þiesternesse of helle, ðar næure ʒiete liht ne cam.
 * c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)12/95 : Þet fur [in hell] ne ʒeueð na liht.

Early ⟨dg⟩:
 * (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.123 : Maxencius was overcome atte brydge Pount Milenum.