Spelling Timeline

600s-1000s

The English alphabet consists of the following letters: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Xx Yy Þþ Ðð Ƿƿ Ææ.

Digraphs include: ‹cg› for /dʒ/ (or at least its forerunner); ‹sc› for /ʃ/ (which emerged from /sk/); ‹ea› for /æɑ/; ‹uu› for /w/ (especially early); ‹th› for /ð/ and /θ/ (especially early); hw for /ʍ/.


 * Sometimes ‹gc› or ‹gg› is written instead of ‹cg›
 * Sometimes ‹u›, ‹uu›, or ‹w› is written instead of ‹ƿ›.
 * ‹k› sometimes shows up to fight ambiguity between /tʃ/ and /k/.
 * ‹þ› and ‹ð› are used interchangeably.
 * ‹z› and ‹q› almost never show up.

1100s

Noticeable French influence on English orthography begins.


 * In the Peterborough Chronicle a switch in handwriting from Insular to Carolingian happens on 88v. The ‹g-ȝ› split is not present in the manuscript; ‹g› remains a single letter, but takes on the Carolingian appearance. ‹ƿ› is now written ‹w› and ‹uu›. ‹gg› is written instead of ‹cg›.


 * The Ormulum uses ‹ch› for /tʃ/ (apparently borrowed from French), ‹sk› for /sk/ (in the word asken and skillen), ‹sh› for /ʃ/, ‹ƿh› for /ʍ/, Carolingian ‹g› for /g/, and ‹ȝh› for /x/. The Ormulum makes use of Norse loanwords, this may explain why the author distinguished between /g/ and /j/ by using Carolingian ‹g› and ‹ȝ›.


 * The Carolingian style of writing ‹g› is borrowed from France. The old Insular ‹g› becomes the new letter ‹ȝ›, called yough. ‹ȝ› no longer stands for /g/, as this job now belongs to the Carolingian ‹g›. ‹ȝ› is used widely for /x/, a value previously handled largely by ‹h›.


 * By now /y/ has merged into /i/. This leads to ‹y› being used interchangeably with ‹i›. This may be the basis for ‹y› later taking on /j/.

1200s


 * /ʃ/ is spelled ‹sc›, ‹sch›, ‹sh›, ‹ss›, ‹s›.


 * ‹ou› is borrowed from French and becomes a very popular spelling for /uː/, which beforehand was written ‹u›, ‹ue›, and ‹u_e›.


 * ‹ue› and ‹u_e› are repurposed to stand for French /y/ which is realised as /ju/. Some English words with a native /ju/ sound eventually take on ‹ue› and ‹u_e› spellings, matching these French loanwords.


 * ‹ð› falls out of wide use by the end of the century. ‹þ› ends up as the sole letter for /θ/ and /ð/.


 * ‹ȝ› and ‹ȝh› are popular ways of writing /x/, but ‹h› is still seen.


 * ‹æ› seems to drop out of use by the end of this century. Its short value merged with ‹a›, while its long value began to be written ‹ea›.

1300s


 * ‹gh› appears, apparently modelled on ‹ȝh›, and taking the job of /x/.


 * ‹y› begins to be a popular alternative to ‹ȝ› for making /j/.


 * By the end of this century, ‹ȝ› has lost much ground to ‹y› and ‹gh›.


 * ‹h› can still be found standing for /x/, though rarely.


 * Loanwords from French with initial /dʒ/ can be found written with ‹i›, ‹ih›, and ‹g›. Eventually ‹j› would take the stead of ‹i› and ‹ih›.

1400s


 * The introduction of printing presses to England strikes a blow to the popularity and practicality of using ‹þ› and ‹ȝ› (note that ‹ȝ› had already lost ground to ‹y› and ‹gh› by this point). Some printers use blocks for ‹y› and ‹z› to represent them, but this does not prevent their eventual deaths.