Loud Laws
The following is a break-down of the Loud Laws that show the loud-shifts from Or-Ind-Europish through to New English.
Or-Ind-Europish to Ortheedish
- y loud written as j (in today's writing)
- Hundredening: Mouthroofened noseflap samedsweyers unmouthroofen into noseflap samedsweyers
- u eked before staffayish r, l, m, and n (this must have happened before Throaty samedsweyers became dull e, see the word
- Two toothy samedsweyers next to each other turn into a twinned s
- Twinned samedsweyers shorten after another samedsweyer or a long cleeper
- Long cleepers become overlong when at the end of a word
- Throaty samedsweyers go away at the beginning of a word when they are followed by another samedsweyer
- E-huening: e becomes a or o when next to h2 or h3, in turn
- Throaty samedsweyers go away at the beginning of a word when they are followed by a cleeper.
- Cleepers followed by throaty samedsweyers lengthen, making the throaty samedsweyers go away in the doing so.
- Cowgill's law: h3 becomes g when between a ringing samedsweyer and w.
- The throaty samedsweyers that are left become dull e (/ə/)
- noseflap samedsweyers followed by w become lip-and-noseflap samedsweyers
- lip-and-noseflap samedsweyers lose their lippedness next to a u, after a un, or before a t.
- Short cleepers which are not high are lost at the end of a word
- Grimm's Law: all whispered stops become hisses, all spoken stops become whispered, and all breathy samedsweyers lose their breathiness and become spoken stops/hisses
- Verner's Law: hisses, inning s, become spoken after a beatless cleeper.
- The beat goes to the first staffay
- Gw becomes b
- Ringing samedsweyer likening: nw becomes nn, ln becomes ll, and zm becomes mm. Whether or not it happens all the time with two Ringing samedsweyer or only in these times is beyond me.
- beatless owo becomes long o
- Ew becomes ow when beatless and before a samedsweyer or the end of the word
- e becomes i when beatless, unless there is an r after it.
- beatless ji and iji become i and long i, in turn
- O becomes a
- M becomes n at the end of a word, and before toothy samedsweyers
- Nosely samedsweyers go away at the end of a word, but they nosen any cleeper before it.
- Long nosened e becomes a long nosened a
- Dull e goes away between samedsweyers
- Any left-over dull e's become a
- t goes away at the end of a word, when following an beatless staffay
- gw becomes w, although it sometimes stays as g (such as when following n)
- long (and overlong) a become o
- Early umblouding: e becomes i when there is an i or j in the next staffay. Ei also becomes long i.
- E becomes i before an n which ends a staffay
- E becomes a before r
- J goes away between cleepers (unless the cleeper before is i)
- A nosely samedsweyer goes away before h, but it nosens and lengthens a cleeper before it
Ortheedish to Or-Northwest-Theedish
- Umbloud: A, o, and u, become æ, ø, and y, when there is an i or j in the next staffay
- U becomes o when there is a Not-High cleeper in the next staffay. This law seems to not always happen.
- Long cleepers shorten at the end of a word
- Overlong cleepers become long cleepers at the end of a word
- beatless glides become only one cleeper: ai becomes long e, and au becomes long o
Northwest-Theedish to West-Theedish
- z goes away at the end of a word
- Roadening: z becomes r.
- West Theedish Twinning: lone samedsweyers other than r twin before j, taking away the j by doing so.
West-Theedish to Engle-Frise
- Ing's Nose-then-hiss law: nosely samedsweyers go away before hisses, lengthening and nosening a cleeper before.
- Engle-Frise Brightening: a becomes æ, unless followed by a twinned samedsweyer or by a back cleeper in the next staffay
- Æ and a, inning nosened a, are lost at the end of a word
Engle-Frise to Old English
- Breaking: eke an u before a h, w, r, or l, when the samedsweyer follows a cleeper. This law seems to be more sundry about the fall and wends on the cleeper at hand as well as the samedsweyer
- Cleeper height matching: the height of a glide stays the same as the first cleeper after this law happens. For a bisen, eu becomes eo, æu becomes æa (written ea), so on and so forth.
- A-Beeting: æ into a with a back cleeper in the next staffay
- Mouthroofening: k, g, ɣ (a sunderloud of g), and sk become /tʃ, dʒ, ʝ, ʃ/ in some falls when next to a front cleeper. It wends from samedsweyer to samedsweyer
- k, g, ɣ, and sk all mouthroofen before i and j, and also when after i and before anything but a back cleeper.
- word-starting k and all ɣ mouthroofen before any front cleeper and any glide
- ɣ and sk mouthroofen after any other front cleeper when not followed by a back cleeper
- sk always mouthroofens at the start of a word, even before a back cleeper
- Mouthroofening treats ø and y not as front cleepers but as back cleepers instead, which makes some think that umbloud happened after mouthroofening
- Umbloud: a, o, and u become æ, ø, and y, in turn, when there is an i or j in the next staffay, although a becomes e before a nosely samedsweyer. ea and eo become ie, which may have been outspoken as /iy/ and then /y:/
- Near-cleeper loss: i and u are lost at the end of a word after all but short staffays.
- Loss of j and ij after a long staffay
- H-loss: h is lost between cleepers and between a cleeper and either r or l. The cleeper before is lengthened.
- Cleeper Likening: The from is not too sheer on what happened to the cleepers, however, it says that two cleepers next to each other fay into a long cleeper.
- Back wending: short e, i, and a (although a in Mercian only), are "sometimes" broken into eo, io (/iu/) and ea, in turn
- Mouthroofy Umbloud: e, eo, and io become i before hs and ht (as in the words right and six)
- cleepers wend in beatless staffays:
- long o becomes a in word-ending staffays
- æ and i become e in word-ending staffays
- u becomes o in word-ending staffays, unless it ends the word itself.
- a, æ, and e go away in beatless staffays that do not end the word.
- i and u go away after a long staffay when not in a word-ending staffay
- i and u become e otherwise when after a short staffay and not in a word-ending staffay
- ø unrounds to e
- cleepers shorten before 3 samedsweyer
- iu (written io) lowers into eo
- g hardens into /g/ at the start of a word
Old English to Middle English
- Same-stead Lengthening: cleepers lengthen before some samedsweyer clusters, such as ld, mb, nd, rd, unless followed by a third samedsweyer, since that would not follow the shortening before clusters of three. It also seems to only happen to a, i, and u.
- Fore-Cluster Shortening: cleepers shorten when before clusters of two samedsweyers, unless the cluster is one of the ones that lengthens a cleepers in Same-stead lengthening, or if the cluster is /st/. Since /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are stops followed by hisses, they are inned as clusters.
- Glide Smoothing: ea and eo become æ and ø, in turn. Length is kept from the glide to the new cleepers
- y unrounds
- Long æ and long a become long ɛ and long ɔ, in turn
- Short æ becomes a.
- ø unrounds
- /ɣ/ becomes w and j, w around back cleepers, and j around front cleepers
- Middle English Breaking: put in w or j before a h after a cleeper.
- New glides: a cleeper followed by w or j then followed by a samedsweyer becomes short if it was long, and makes a new glide.
- ei becomes long i
- ou becomes long u
- eu becomes iu
- ai becomes ɛi
- Open staffay lengthening: cleepers lengthen when in an open staffay. This law seems to still happen even if the next staffay's cleeper is a staffayish samedsweyer, as it does in the word "raven" (Old English hræfn).
- long u seems to shorten when followed by only an m before the next cleeper, as it does in the word "thumb"
- Three-staffay shortening: cleepers shorten when followed by two staffays.
- Leftover beatless cleepers become dull e (/ə/)
- Dull e is lost in word-ending staffays.
- hr, hl, and hn become r, l, and n, at the beginning of a word.
- sw becomes s before a back cleeper
- mb becomes m
- ts (from Norman French mouthroofened c) becomes s.
After Middle English
- H-loss: the loud now written as gh, /x/, before written as h, is lost.
- al and ɔl become aul and ɔul, in turn, when followed by a tungtip samedsweyer, k, or the end of a word
- al loses the l before f or v, though it stays in writing
- al and ɔl become ɑ: and o: before m
- The Great Cleeper Shift:
- ī and ū become əi and əu, in turn
- ā, ɛ:, ē, ɔ:, and ō become ɛ:, ē, ī, ō, ū, in turn
- au becomes ɔ:
- əi and əu become aɪ and aʊ, in turn
- short ɔ lowers to ɒ
- ē and ū become ɛ and ʊ sometimes, most of the time when it does happen, it's before a toothy samedsweyers.
- Meet-Meat faying: ɛ: and ē shift to ē and ī, in turn
- a becomes /ɒ/ following w
- wr is outspoken as r at the beginning of a word
- Twinned samedsweyers become only one.
- ɛi and ē become eɪ (pane-pain faying), and ɔu and ō become oʊ (toe-tow faying)
- a become ɑ: before r and sometimes before hisses (as in the word "father"). This may have ended up becoming the trap-bath split.
- y (from french), ɛu, and iu become ju:
- ɔi and ui become oɪ
- foot-strut split: short u becomes ʊ, which further lowers into ʌ unless it has a lipped samedsweyer before it and something other than a noseflap samedsweyer after it.
- Father-Bother Faying: not all speakers have this wending, but for some (mostly in America), ɒ merges with ɑ.
- Happy-tightening: ɪ (from short i) is outspoken as i at the end of a word.